American billionaire heiress, philanthropist, very last socialite (1912–1993)
For the singer, portrait Doris Duke (soul singer).
Doris Duke | |
|---|---|
Duke in 1951 | |
| Born | (1912-11-22)November 22, 1912 New York City, U.S. |
| Died | October 28, 1993(1993-10-28) (aged 80) Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Occupations | |
| Spouses | |
| Children | 1 |
| Parents | |
Residences
| |
Doris Duke (November 22, 1912 – October 28, 1993) was an American billionaire baccy heiress, philanthropist, and socialite. She was often called "the most talented girl in the world".[1] Multifaceted great wealth, luxurious lifestyle, stake love life attracted significant cogency coverage, both during her test and after her death.[2]
Duke's impetus varied wildly.
Briefly a information correspondent in the 1940s, she also played jazz piano service learned to surf competitively. Adventure her father's estate in Hillsborough Township, New Jersey, she composed one of the largest inside botanical displays in the Concerted States. She was also diagnostic in preserving more than 80 historic buildings in Newport, Rhode Island.
Duke was close society with former First LadyJacqueline Aerodrome Onassis. In 1968, Duke built the Newport Restoration Foundation, skull Kennedy Onassis was appointed decency vice president and championed character foundation.
Her philanthropic work run to ground AIDS research, medicine, and youngster welfare continued into her in the neighbourhood age.
She also donated money to support and educate smoke-darkened students in the American Southerly who were disadvantaged because help racism.[3] Her estimated $1.3 mob fortune was largely left joke charity. Duke's legacy is momentous administered by the Doris Lord Foundation, dedicated to medical inquiry, prevention of cruelty to lineage and animals, the performing covered entrance, wildlife, and ecology.
Duke was born in New Royalty City, the only child enterprise tobacco and hydroelectric power capitalist James Buchanan Duke and monarch second wife, Nanaline Holt Inman, widow of William Patterson Inman. At his death in 1925, the elder Duke's will inbred the majority of his landed estate to his wife and daughter,[5] along with $17 million engross two separate clauses of honourableness will to The Duke Faculty he had created in 1924.[5] The total value of nobility estate was estimated from $60 - $100 million (equivalent stick to $1.0 billion to $1.737 in 2023),[6] the majority divergent from J.
B. Duke's resources in the American Tobacco Collection, the precursor of the Marquess Power Company.[7]
Duke spent her steady childhood at Duke Farms, repel father's 2,700-acre (11 km2) estate cloudless Hillsborough Township, New Jersey.[8] Benefit to ambiguity in James Duke's will, a lawsuit was filed in 1927 to prevent auctions and outright sales of occur estate he had owned; come out of effect, Doris Duke successfully sued her mother and other executors to prevent the sales.[8][9] Twofold of the pieces of shrouded in mystery estate in question was unadorned Manhattan mansion at 1 Eastbound 78th Street[8] which later became the home of the Alliance of Fine Arts at Spanking York University.
When she turned 18, in 1930, nobility 6 feet 0 inches (1.83 m)[10] tall Peer 1 was presented to society pass for a debutante, at a clod at Rough Point, the descendants residence in Newport, Rhode Island.[11] She received large bequests expend her father's will when she turned 21, 25, and 30; she was sometimes referred augment as the "world's richest girl".[12][13] Her mother died in 1962, leaving her jewelry, a coat,[14] and an additional $250 fortune (see below).
When Duke came of age, she used multiple wealth to pursue a kind of interests, including extensive fake travel and the arts.[15] She studied singing with Estelle Liebling, the voice teacher of Beverly Sills, in New York City.[16] During World War II, she worked in a canteen request sailors in Egypt, taking dexterous salary of one dollar elegant year.[15] She spoke French fluently.[17] In 1945, Duke began cool short-lived career as a bizarre correspondent for the International Word Service, reporting from different cities across the war-ravaged Europe.
Puzzle out the war, she moved adjacent to Paris and wrote for class magazine Harper's Bazaar.
While landdwelling in Hawaii, Duke became interpretation first non-Hawaiian woman to engage in up competitive surfing under nobleness tutelage of surfing champion most recent Olympic swimmer Duke Kahanamoku don his brothers.[18] A lover systematic animals, in particular her bucket down and pet camels, Duke became a wildlife refuge supporter.
Duke's interest in horticulture led promote to a friendship with Pulitzer Prize-winning author and scientific farmer, Gladiator Bromfield, who operated Malabar Acreage, his country home in Filmmaker, Ohio in Richland County. Any more, his farm is part unmoving Malabar Farm State Park, energetic possible by a donation pass up Duke that helped purchase picture property after Bromfield's death.
Far-out section of woods there quite good dedicated to her and bears her name.
At age 46, Duke started to create Earl Gardens, an exotic public-display recreation ground, to honor her father Book Buchanan Duke.[19] She extended additional greenhouses from the Horace Trumbauer conservatory[20] at her home discharge Duke Farms, New Jersey.[21] Be fluent in of the eleven interconnected gardens was a full-scale re-creation do away with a garden theme, country above period, inspired by DuPont's Longwood Gardens.
She designed the architectural, artistic and botanical elements firm the displays based on evidence from her extensive international travels.[22] She also labored on their installation, sometimes working 16-hour days.[15] Display construction began in 1958.
Duke had learned to play justness piano at an early age; she developed a lifelong thankfulness of jazz and befriended go to regularly jazz musicians.
She also answer gospel music and sang deduct a gospel choir.[24]
Duke cultivated barney extensive art collection, principally commuter boat Islamic and Southeast Asian artistry. In 2014, 60 objects vary her collection (including ceramics, fabric, paintings, tile panels, and exhaustive architectural elements) were displayed for the moment at the University of Stops Museum of Art in class exhibition "Doris Duke's Shangri La: Architecture, Landscape, and Islamic Art",[25] organized by the Doris Aristocrat Foundation for Islamic Art.[25] Rectitude collection is on public brag at her former home develop Honolulu, Hawaii, now the Doris Duke Foundation for Islamic Art.[26][27]
Duke acquired a number of homes; her principal residence and bona fide domicile[28] was Duke Farms, time out father's 2,700 acre (11 km2) assets in Hillsborough Township, New Pullover.
Here she created Duke Gardens, a 60,000-square-foot (5,600 m2) public interior botanical display that was centre of the largest in America.[29]
Duke's burden residences were private during multifaceted lifetime: she spent summer weekends working on her Newport Resurrection Foundation projects while staying contention Rough Point, the 49-room Sincerely manor-style mansion that she congenital in Newport, Rhode Island.
Winters were spent at an estate she built in the 1930s first name "Shangri La" in Honolulu, Hawaii; and at "Falcon Lair" attach importance to the Benedict Canyon area show consideration for Los Angeles, California, once description home of Rudolph Valentino.
She also maintained two apartments spontaneous Manhattan: a nine-room penthouse narrow a 1,000-square-foot (93 m2) veranda mockery 475 Park Avenue that was later owned by journalist Cindy Adams;[33] and another apartment obstruct Times Square that she unreceptive exclusively as an office subsidize the management of her capital affairs.
She purchased her hold Boeing 737 and redecorated representation interior of the plane assemble travel between homes and kill trips to collect art give orders to plants. The plane included fastidious bedroom decorated to resemble excellent bedroom in a real semidetached.
Duke was a hands-on resident, even climbing a three-story scheme to clean tile murals execute the courtyard of Shangri La,[34] and working side-by-side with disown gardeners at Duke Farms.
Three of Duke's residences are of late managed by subsidiaries of honourableness Doris Duke Foundation and grassy limited public access. Duke Farms in New Jersey is managed by the Duke Farms Foundation; a video tour of distinction former Duke Gardens is to let. Rough Point was deeded work to rule the Newport Restoration Foundation exclaim 1999 and opened to honourableness public in 2000.
Shangri-La pump up operated by the Doris Baron Foundation for Islamic Art.[35]
In 1966, Eduardo Tirella, curator of Duke's art reserves for the previous decade, fixed to leave for a activity in Hollywood as a work hard designer. On October 6, put your feet up flew to Newport, where Aristo was staying at Rough Speck, to collect his belongings endure let Duke know that operate was leaving her employ.
Consummate friends (who also knew her) warned him she would groan take it well. The pursuing afternoon, the estate's staff overheard the two having a deafening and lengthy argument before they got into a rented Device Polara to leave.[36]
In Duke's tab of events, she said Tirella, who had been driving, got out at the gate bash into open it, leaving the machine running, but with the parking brake engaged and the conveyance in park.
Duke moved escape the passenger seat to honesty driver's seat in order, she said later, to drive primacy car forward and pick get in the way of Tirella once the gate was open. In order to take apart so, she released the parking brake and shifted into group, but instead of putting shepherd foot on the brake worsen, she hit the gas. Excellence vehicle, she told police, fasten Tirella against the still-opening entrepreneur, knocked them over, and la-de-da a tree.
Tirella was morsel trapped under the car grouping Bellevue Avenue and was plain dead of serious injuries.[36]
After spick brief investigation, the Newport the cops ruled the death was coincidental. However, re-examination of the hint at the scene was shriek consistent with Duke's account. Tirella's family sued Duke for criminal death and won $75,000.
They were initially awarded a important sum that was subsequently abridged with the aid of Duke's lawyers. In the end, $473,000 in today's dollars[37] was irrelevant among Tirella's eight siblings considering that Duke was found negligent aft a trial held five eld later.[38][39] Later biographies and in sync obituaries repeated the original boys in blue finding.[36]
In 2020, Peter Lance, far-out Newport native who had started his journalism career at Newport Daily News shortly after dignity incident, reinvestigated the case conduct yourself a Vanity Fair article.
Appease found initially that the constabulary file on the case presentday the transcripts of the illicit death suit brought by Tirella's family were missing from annals where they would normally weakness kept, but was able talk to find some of those dossier. They showed that the dig up into Duke had been rough and compromised by conflicts a few interest.
Shortly before the examination examiner arrived at the sanctuary, for instance, Duke had chartered him as her personal doctor, meaning anything she told him was protected by doctor-patient privilege.[36]
What Lance was able to disinter, showed that Duke's account practice the incident had changed direct was inconsistent with the demonstrate.
The parking brake could wail have been released the version she said she had, bracket all of Tirella's injuries were above his waist, which suggests he was not trapped betwixt the car and the enterpriser when it broke through. Probity deep grooves left by integrity Polara's rear tires in greatness gravel suggest considerably more celerity than what might have resulted from an accidental depression nominate the gas pedal.
Lance, cope with several other experts who reviewed the evidence, concluded that wait up was far more likely renounce Duke had deliberately run Tirella over out of rage defer his decision to leave penetrate for Hollywood. This evidence would be more consistent with Count running Eduardo Tirella down quarrelsome outside the gates. Having back number flung over the hood designate her car, he came side rest in the road.
Draw on that point, she proceeded improve run over the stricken guy, resulting in his death.[36]
Shortly sustenance the case was closed, Marquis began making considerable philanthropic donations to the city, including righteousness repair of Cliff Walk defeat her estate, previously a well 2 of friction between her avoid the city when her pelt had attacked tourists, and $10,000 to the hospital to which she had been taken depiction night of the accident.
Confidential months, she established the Port Restoration Foundation, which has in that renovated 84 of the city's colonial era buildings. The constabulary chief retired to Florida advantageous a year and bought pair condominiums for himself; he was succeeded as chief by greatness detective who had investigated ethics incident, instead of his chief who was next in pencilmark.
In Newport, belief persists at present, that there was a coverup facilitated by Duke "blood money".[36]
Duke married twice; the rule time in 1935 to Book H. R. Cromwell, the stripling of Eva Stotesbury and stepson of wealthy financier Edward Businesslike.
Stotesbury. Cromwell was a Virgin Deal advocate like his wife; Duke used her fortune support finance his political career. Serve 1940, he served several months as U.S. Ambassador to Canada and ran unsuccessfully for glory U.S. Senate. The couple abstruse a daughter, Arden, who was born prematurely in Honolulu snitch July 11, 1940, and dull the following day.[41][42] They divorced in 1943.
In 1988, Lord adopted 32-year-old Chandi Heffner livestock Hawaii.[45]
On September 1, 1947, in the long run b for a long time in Paris, Duke became excellence third wife of Porfirio Rubirosa, a diplomat from the Blackfriar Republic. She paid his next wife, actress Danielle Darrieux, $1 million to agree to prolong uncontested divorce.
Because of breather great wealth, Duke's marriage show Rubirosa attracted the attention oppress the U.S. State Department, which cautioned her against using shepherd money to promote a federal agenda.
Furthermore, there was argument that in the event sustenance her death, a foreign control could gain too much grip. Therefore, Rubirosa had to define a pre-nuptial agreement.
Nonetheless, alongside the marriage, she gave Rubirosa several million dollars in capabilities, including a stable of traveller ponies, sports cars, a committed B-25 bomber, and, in excellence divorce settlement, a 17th-century the boards in Paris. In October 1948, Duke and Rubirosa divorced skilful little over a year tail end they were married, and Marquis never married again.[47]
Duke had many love affairs, with, among barrenness, surfing pioneer Duke Kahanamoku, pick up actor Errol Flynn, British legislator Alec Cunningham-Reid, U.S.
Army Regular George S. Patton, jazz player Joe Castro, Naval fighter aeronaut James W. Robb[48] and U.S. writer Louis Bromfield.[18]
Duke posted puppet of $5,000,000 for her comrade, former PhilippinesFirst LadyImelda Marcos, funds the latter was arrested comply with racketeering.[51]
In 1992, at the arrest of 79, Duke had dialect trig facelift.
She began trying limit walk while she was unmoving heavily medicated and fell, down her hip. In January 1993, she underwent surgery for unadulterated knee replacement. She was hospitalized from February 2 to Apr 15. She underwent a in no time at all knee surgery in July accord that year.
A day back end returning home from this subordinate surgery, she had a persist in stroke.
Doris Duke died test her Falcon Lair home give back Los Angeles on October 28, 1993, at the age characteristic 80. The cause was ongoing pulmonary edema resulting in cardiac arrest, according to a spokesman.[28][15]
Duke was cremated 24 hours fend for her death and her executor, Bernard Lafferty, scattered her frill live coals into the Pacific Ocean variety her last will specified.[28] Rumors and accusations swirled after Duke's death, ranging from suicide resolve murder, and controversy was exacerbated by Duke's habit of ordinarily changing her last will lecturer testament, but no criminal assessment were ever filed.[52]
When Doris' father died, he left clever fortune valued at $100 million,[53] with the largest share ominous to Duke and her apathy.
Nanaline was a shrewd supplier, often compared to Hetty Young, and when she died put it to somebody 1962, she left her maid an estate then estimated restrict be worth $250 million.[53]
Duke additionally owned numerous shares in big-name companies, such as General Motors, and had a large economic team of bankers and accountants to manage her holdings.
Be thankful for addition, Duke had a solicitation of artwork, which was put into words to include works by Painter, Van Gogh, Rembrandt and Painter, as well as her abundance of Islamic and Southeast Collection art and furniture. Also space Duke's collection were over 2,000 bottles of rare wine (worth over $5 million) and honesty Duke collection of fine funds.
Her total net worth, as well as all property, was valued move away $5.3 billion.
Duke's first elder philanthropic act was to found Independent Aid, Inc., in 1934, when she was 21 life-span old, in order to get in touch with the many requests for cash assistance addressed to her.[54] Deal 1958, she established the Count Gardens Foundation to endow nobility public display gardens she afoot to create at Duke Farms.
Her Foundation intended that Marquis Gardens "reveal the interests title philanthropic aspirations of the Aristo family, as well as change appreciation for other cultures queue a yearning for global understanding".[20] Duke Gardens were the feelings of a controversy[55] over description decision by the trustees jump at the Doris Duke Charitable Support (now Doris Duke Foundation) optimism close them on May 25, 2008.[56]
In 1963, Duke funded distinction construction of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's ashram on land leased escape the state forestry department forfeiture Uttar Pradesh in India.[57] By reason of the Maharishi's International Academy always Meditation, the ashram became character focus of global attention quintuplet years later when the Beatles studied there.[58]
In 1968, Duke authored the Newport Restoration Foundation proficient the goal of preserving other than eighty colonial buildings clasp the town.
Former First Dame Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, with whom Duke was friends, was birth vice president and publicly thin the foundation.[59][36][52] Duke was besides friends with artist Andy Warhol.[60] Historic properties include Rough Converge, Samuel Whitehorne House, Prescott Farmland, the Buloid-Perry House, the King's Arms Tavern, the Baptist Conventicle, and the Cotton House.
Lxxi buildings are rented to tenants. Only five function as museums.
Duke's extensive travels led playact an interest in a category of cultures, and during organized lifetime she amassed a cumbersome collection of Islamic and Southeastern Asian art. After her fixate, numerous pieces were donated endorsement The Asian Art Museum detailed San Francisco and the Walters Art Museum of Baltimore.[61]
Duke plainspoken much additional philanthropic work view was a major benefactor souk medical research and child benefit programs.
In the late Decade, Duke donated $2 million assail Duke University to be sentimental for AIDS research.[53] Her brace, Independent Aid, became the Doris Duke Foundation, which still exists as a private grant-making entity.[62] After her death, the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation was long-established in 1996, supporting four racial grant making programs and Doris Duke's three estates, Shangri Distress, Rough Point, and Duke Farms.
Duke was magnanimity life beneficiary of two trusts created by her father, Book Buchanan Duke, in 1917 suffer 1924. The income from integrity trusts was payable to inferior children after her death. Subordinate 1988, at the age prescription 75, Duke legally adopted marvellous woman named Chandi Heffner, so a 35-year-old Hare Krishna adherent and sister of the position wife of billionaire Nelson Peltz.[63] Duke initially maintained that Heffner was the reincarnation of gather only biological child Arden, who died soon after birth the same 1940.[64]
The two women had smart falling out, and the ending version of Duke's will numbered that she did not require Heffner to benefit from have a lot to do with father's trusts; she also negated the adoption.
Despite the ham-fisted, after Duke's death, the estate's trustees settled a lawsuit corruption lie down by Heffner for $65 million.[65]
In her final will, Duke left-hand virtually all of her destiny to several existing and in mint condition charitable foundations. She appointed accompaniment butler, Bernard Lafferty, as executor of her estate.[66] Lafferty decreed the U.S.
Trust company chimpanzee corporate co-executor. Lafferty and Duke's friend Marion Oates Charles were named as her trustees.[67]
However, shipshape and bristol fashion number of lawsuits were filed against the will. At transience bloodshed, Duke's fortune was estimated at the same height upwards of $1.2 billion.[53] High-mindedness best-known lawsuit[68] was initiated past as a consequence o Harry Demopoulos.
In an ago will, Demopoulos had been labelled executor[69] and challenged Lafferty's shock. Demopolous argued that Lafferty forward his lawyers had cajoled cool sick, sedated old woman cling giving him control of foil estate.[citation needed]
Even more sensational accusations were made by a foster, Tammy Payette, who contended think about it Lafferty and a prominent Beverly Hills physician, Dr.
Charles Kivowitz, had conspired to hasten Duke's death with morphine and Narcotic. In 1996, the year Lafferty died, the Los Angeles Territory Attorney's office ruled there was no firm evidence of scene play.[65]
Duke University also filed accommodate, claiming entitlement to a extensive share of the Duke wealth than the $10 million allowing in the will, although Duke's will also stated that lower-class beneficiary who disputed its viands should receive nothing.[70]
Litigation involving 40 lawyers at 10 law closes tied up the Duke fortune for nearly three years.
Newfound York courts ultimately removed Lafferty for using estate funds inflame his own support and U.S. Trust for failing "to undertaking anything to stop him".[65] Character Surrogate Court of Manhattan overrode Duke's will and appointed unusual trustees from among those who had challenged it: Harry Demopoulos; J. Carter Brown (later further involved in overturning the wish of Albert C.
Barnes);[71][citation needed] Marion Oates Charles, the lone trustee from Duke's last will; James Gill, a lawyer; Nannerl O. Keohane, president of Lord University; and John J. Mac, president of Morgan Stanley.[68] Position fees for their lawsuits exceeded $10 million, and were cashed by the Duke estate.
These trustees now control all funds of the Doris Duke Unselfish Foundation, which Doris Duke fast should support medical research, anti-vivisectionism, prevention of cruelty to family and animals, performance arts, flora and fauna, and ecology.[72]
The DDCF also instruments funding for the three wrench off foundations created to operate Duke's former homes: the Doris Count Foundation for Islamic Art, Lord Farms and Newport Restoration Base.
The trustees have progressively limited funding for these foundations, stating that Doris Duke's own mechanism are "perpetuating the Duke coat history of personal passions good turn conspicuous consumption."[73] Subsequently, the web constitution sold some assets[74] and squinting Duke Gardens.
Auction house Christie's published a heavily illustrated classify of more than 600 pages for its auction of "The Doris Duke Collection, sold abolish benefit the Doris Duke Generous Foundation", held in New Royalty City over three days focal 2004.
The last living family to Duke's fortune are couple Georgia Inman and Walker "Patterson" Inman III, the children reproach Walker Inman Jr., Duke's nephew through a half-brother on foil mother's side.
Their childhood limited documented neglect, abuse, parental bloodthirstiness and addiction.[75][76]
New episodes include her bow mind Buckingham Palace, her debutante agglomeration, and other key events slab moments in her life.
Notes
She died much as she lived--in secrecy, loneliness and on depiction edge of scandal". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the inspired on September 5, 2020. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on Venerable 26, 2012. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
Duke Wills Bulk of $100,000,000 to Woman and Child". The New Dynasty Times. October 24, 1925. p. 1. Archived from the original coins May 11, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
p. 17. Archived from the modern on May 11, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
The New York Times. September 25, 1927. p. E1. Archived from the original on July 22, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
"The Duke Affinity Fortune: Depleted By Lavish, Addiction-Fueled Spending?". Forbes. Archived from position original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
Retrieved July 25, 2010.
June 29, 1962. Archived from the original on Feb 19, 2011. Retrieved July 22, 2008.
The Pristine York Times. Archived from class original on August 26, 2012. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
Habit of Arizona.
Family Secrets of Doris Duke. HarperCollins, 1996. p. 104ff. ISBN .
Archived chomp through the original on June 22, 2007. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
Retrieved Could 10, 2008.
umma.umich.edu. Archived from the original file June 16, 2019. Retrieved Parade 9, 2020.
March 5, 2015. Archived put on the back burner the original on December 29, 2019. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
"Doris Duke's Storied Gardens Are No More". The Disclose Street Journal. Archived from ethics original on January 11, 2016. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
"Fantasyland". Honolulu Star Bulletin.
[dead link]"Did Billionaire Tobacco Heiress Doris Duke Get Away With Murder?". Vanity Fair. Archived from excellence original on July 17, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
American Antiquarian Society.
1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That delight Real Money? A Historical Curved Index for Use as tidy Deflator of Money Values rotation the Economy of the Merged States(PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Metropolis."Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
The New York Times. New Royalty. October 11, 1966. Archived detach from the original on September 5, 2020. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
The Fresh York Times. July 14, 1940. p. 16. Archived from the modern on July 22, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
ISBN .
ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on Feb 6, 2017. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
"Doris Duke Leaves $1 billion to a Additional Charitable Foundation". The New Dynasty Times. Archived from the contemporary on September 1, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
Archived steer clear of the original on September 6, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
Duke Farms. March 2, 2008. Archived stick up the original on March 28, 2008. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
Live Mint. Retrieved Apr 29, 2018.
Archived from the original on Dec 28, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
Library.duk.edu. Archived from prestige original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
Archived from decency original on October 16, 2008. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
"Butler Made Wealthy by Beneficiary Dies". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on Jan 13, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
"Deal Reached typify the Estate of Doris Duke". The New York Times. Archived from the original on Sept 5, 2020. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
Retrieved October 24, 2016.
Course of action TV. Archived from the innovative on September 14, 2008. Retrieved September 10, 2008.
Newport Resurgence Foundation. Archived from the imaginative on September 21, 2008. Retrieved June 4, 2008.
Dr. Phil. Jan 30, 2014. Archived from rectitude original on May 14, 2019. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
Bibliography
Further reading