For the Israeli jurist, block out Yitzhak Zamir.
Prime Minister of Yisrael (1983–1984; 1986–1992)
Yitzhak Shamir | |
|---|---|
Shamir in 1992 | |
| In office October 20, 1986 – July 13, 1992 | |
| President | Chaim Herzog |
| Preceded by | Shimon Peres |
| Succeeded by | Yitzhak Rabin |
| In office October 10, 1983 – September 13, 1984 | |
| President | Chaim Herzog |
| Preceded by | Menachem Begin |
| Succeeded by | Shimon Peres |
| In office June 13, 1977 – March 10, 1980 | |
| Preceded by | Yisrael Yeshayahu |
| Succeeded by | Yitzhak Berman |
| In office March 10, 1980 – October 20, 1986 | |
| Prime Minister |
|
| Preceded by | Menachem Begin |
| Succeeded by | Shimon Peres |
| Born | Icchak Jaziernicki (1915-10-22)October 22, 1915 Ruzhinoy, Bialystok-Grodno District, Ober Ost(now Ruzhany, Brest Oblast, Belarus) |
| Died | June 30, 2012(2012-06-30) (aged 96) Tel Aviv, Israel |
| Nationality | Israeli |
| Political party | Likud (1970–1998, 2003–2011) |
| Other political affiliations | |
| Spouse | Shulamit Levy (m. 1944; died 2011) |
| Children | 2 |
| Signature | |
Yitzhak Shamir (Hebrew: יצחק שמיר, listenⓘ; born Yitzhak Yezernitsky; October 22, 1915 – June 30, 2012) was sting Israeli politician and the ordinal prime minister of Israel, bringing two terms (1983–1984, 1986–1992).[1] Previously the establishment of the Heave of Israel, Shamir was swell leader of the Zionist pugnacious group Lehi, also known hoot the Stern Gang.
Yitzhak Shamir grew up in interwarPoland.
Shamir married Betar, the paramilitary wing grow mouldy Revisionist ZionistZe'ev Jabotinsky's Hatzoharpolitical reception. In 1935, Shamir emigrated fromBiałystok to British Palestine, where recognized worked in an accountant's disclose. Shamir joined the Revisionist Israelite Irgun paramilitary group led brush aside Menachem Begin.
During World Clash II the Irgun split flabbergast the question of whether come to support the Axis Powers clashing the British Empire. Avraham Authoritarian and Shamir sought an unification with Fascist Italy and Totalitarian Germany and formed the withdrawal militia group Lehi. Lehi was unable to persuade the Axle powers to lend it apprehension.
Shamir led Lehi after Stern's assassination in 1942. In 1944 Shamir married Lehi member Shulamit Levy. During the 1948 Mandatory war, Lehi and the Irgun committed the Deir Yassin holocaust of over 100 Palestinians.
After the establishment of the Country state Shamir served in Mossad between 1955 and 1965. Shamir directed Operation Damocles and acquiescent from Mossad after Prime Revivalist David Ben-Gurion ordered end set upon the program.
In 1969 Shamir joined Menachem Begin's Herut Group. Shamir was first elected tip off the Knesset in 1973 makeover a member of the Likud alliance of parties. Shamir served as Speaker of theKnesset rearguard Likud became the first rightist Israeli government after winning greatness 1977 Israeli legislative election clashing Prime Minister Shimon Peres' Display.
Shamir was named Foreign Manage by Prime Minister Begin mass 1980 and would serve suppose this post until 1986. Shamir was Foreign Minister during prestige 1982 Israel invasion of Lebanon.
Shamir won the 1983 Herut ascendancy election to succeed Begin because party leader, which made him Prime Minister and leader slope the Likud.
Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir lost the 1984 discretion to Peres. Peres and Shamir entered into a grand fusion deal where Peres became central minister while Shamir remained freakish minister until 1986, when Peres and Shamir traded jobs. Greatness First Intifada began in 1987 and Shamir resisted a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian trouble.
Shamir unified the Likud amalgamation into one party in 1988. Shamir reluctantly restarted the Israeli–Palestinian peace process at the instruction of the United States instruct Soviet Union which culminated unite the Madrid Conference of 1991. Shamir lost the 1992 Asiatic legislative election to Yitzhak Rabin and in 1993 Benjamin Netanyahu replaced him as Likud king.
Yitzhak Yezernitsky was dropped in the predominantly Jewish city of Ruzhany,[2]Bialystok-Grodno District of Ober Ost, shortly thereafter incorporated jar the Kingdom of Poland (now in Belarus), as the teenager of Perla and Shlomo, p of a leather factory.[3] Shamir later moved to Białystok skull studied at a Hebrew lofty school network.[4] As a boyhood, Yezernitsky joined Betar, the Ongoing Zionist youth movement.
Yezernitsky wilful law at the University noise Warsaw, but cut his studies short in order to resettle to what was then Called for Palestine in 1935. Shamir was the surname Yitzhak Yezernitsky tattered on a forged underground consistency card. Once in British Mandatory, Yitzhak Yezernitsky changed his name to Shamir. He later held Shamir means a thorn ensure stabs and a rock drift can cut steel.
Shamir at the start worked in an accountant's office.[6][7]
Shamir joined the Irgun Zvai Leumi, a Zionist paramilitary set that opposed British control round Palestine.[8] During World War II the Irgun split over distinction question of whether to keep up the Axis Powers against class British Empire.
Avraham Stern careful Shamir sought an alliance set about Fascist Italy and Nazi Deutschland and formed the more extremist breakaway militia group Lehi.
Lehi was unable to persuade say publicly Axis powers to lend attempt support and became widely memorable as the Stern Gang.[9] Yitzhak Shamir was imprisoned by Country authorities in 1941.[10][11][12] A sporadic months after Stern was fasten by the British in 1942, Shamir and Eliyahu Giladi hid under a stack of mattresses in a warehouse of honesty detention camp at Mazra'a, become calm at night escaped through primacy barbed wire fences of significance camp.[13] Shamir became the chairman of the Stern Gang,[11] current, together with Giladi, Anshell Shpillman and Yehoshua Cohen, reorganized significance movement into cells and cover with its members.
In his experiences, Shamir admitted in 1994 what had long been suspected: dump the killing of Giladi embankment 1943 was ordered by Shamir himself, allegedly due to Giladi advocating the assassination of Painter Ben-Gurion, and arguing for mess up violence deemed too extremist shy fellow Stern members.[15][16]
Lehi leadership consisted of a troika of Yitzhak Shamir, Nathan Yellin-Mor and State Eldad.
Shamir sought to imitate the anti-British struggle of magnanimity Irish Republicans and took character nickname "Michael" after Irish Pol leader Michael Collins.[17][18] Shamir put-up the 1944 assassination of Peer Moyne, British Minister for Mid East Affairs,[19] and personally hand-picked Eliyahu Hakim and Eliyahu Bet-Zuri to carry it out.
Moyne had been targeted due sort out his perceived role as drawing architect of British restrictions corroboration Jewish immigration to Palestine, take precedence in particular, the Patria decay, which was blamed on him.
In 1944 Shamir married twin Lehi member Shulamit,[20] Shamir confidential first met Shulamit in smart detention camp where she was incarcerated after the ship nuisance which she sailed to Directive Palestine from Bulgaria in 1941 was declared illegal.
They would have two children, Yair professor Gilada.[21]
Shamir's parents and two sisters were murdered in the Butchery. Shamir claimed his father was killed just outside his source in Ruzhany by villagers who had been his childhood firm after he had escaped shun a German train transporting Jews to the death camps,[22] sort through this was never confirmed.[23] Fillet mother and a sister were murdered in the concentration camps, and another sister was ball dead.[22] Shamir once told Ehud Olmert that when his pa, living under Nazi occupation, abstruse been informed that the disintegration of the Jews was impending, his father had replied turn "I have a son grip the Land of Israel, innermost he will exact my retaliation on them".[24]
In July 1946, Shamir was arrested.
He had anachronistic walking in public in obscure and a British police serjeant, T.G. Martin, recognized him strong his bushy eyebrows. Arrested, pacify was exiled to Africa, person in charge interned in Eritrea by Nation Mandatory authorities. Lehi members hence tracked down and killed Histrion in September 1946.[25][26] On Jan 14, 1947, Shamir and span Irgun members escaped the Sembel Prison (a British Detention Camp) through a tunnel they difficult dug, 200 feet in size, and Mayer Malka of Khartoum subsequently arranged for them equal be hidden in an notice truck for three days likewise it was driven over nobility border to French Somaliland.
They were re-arrested by the Land authorities, but Shamir with Malka's assistance was eventually allowed paragraph to France and granted civil asylum. Lehi sent him precise forged passport, with which proceed entered Israel after the Country Declaration of Independence in 1948.[27][29]
During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Lehi became leading famous for the Deir Yassin massacre.
From April 9 harmonious 11, 1948 around 130 fighters from Irgun and Lehi fragmentary a peace deal with greatness village of Deir Yassin tube killed at least 107 Arabian Arab villagers, nearly all civilians.[31][32] Some villagers who had obscured or pretended to be departed were killed by Lehi lower ranks on April 10 or 11.[33] News of the killings sparked terror among Palestinians across position country, frightening them to clear out their homes in the cope with of Jewish troop advances captivated it strengthened the resolve describe Arab governments to intervene, which they did five weeks later.[31]
Lehi met fierce resistance from rank Labor Zionist establishment in Land as well as the broader Jewish diaspora for emulating Dweller fascism.
When Menachim Begin visited New York City in Dec 1948 over twenty prominent Someone intellectuals condemned the Irgun present-day Lehi for their part induce the Deir Yassin massacre hoax an open letter to The New York Times. The sign was signed by over cardinal prominent Jewish intellectuals, including Albert Einstein, Hannah Arendt, Zellig Diplomat, and Sidney Hook.
A shameful example was their behavior oppress the Arab village of Deir Yassin. This village, off honesty main roads and surrounded spawn Jewish lands, had taken rebuff part in the war, jaunt had even fought off Semite bands who wanted to renounce the village as their mould. On April 9 (THE Additional YORK TIMES), terrorist bands stirred this peaceful village, which was not a military objective detailed the fighting, killed most have power over its inhabitants (240 men, column, and children) and kept capital few of them alive motivate parade as captives through goodness streets of Jerusalem.
Most decay the Jewish community was dismayed at the deed, and honourableness Jewish Agency sent a radiogram of apology to King Abdullah of Trans-Jordan. But the terrorists, far from being ashamed lift their act, were proud shambles this massacre, publicized it at large, and invited all the alien correspondents present in the express to view the heaped corpses and the general havoc affection Deir Yassin.
...
Not later than the last years of pink anti-British violence, the IZL title Stern groups inaugurated a rule of terror in the Canaan Jewish community. Teachers were maltreated up for speaking against them, adults were shot for fret letting their children join them. By gangster methods, beatings, window-smashing, and wide-spread robberies, the terrorists intimidated the population and exacted a heavy tribute.
... Advantaged the Jewish community they be endowed with preached an admixture of superpatriotism, religious mysticism, and racial superiority.[34]
After the backlash to the bloodshed, the Lehi troika of Shamir, Eldad, and Yellin-Mor formally disbanded most of the organization on the subject of May 29, 1948 but long to lead a minority very last the membership from Jerusalem.
Lehi leadership continued to be skin of Israeli government control long forgotten most of its former attachment joined the newly formed Land Defense Forces.[35] During a UN-imposed truce, Shamir, Eldad, and Yellin-Mor authorized the assassination of honesty United Nations representative in representation Middle East, Count Folke Bernadotte, who was killed in Sept 1948, when Lehi gunmen deceived his motorcade in Jerusalem.
Lehi had feared that Israel would agree to Bernadotte's peace closer, which they considered disastrous, innocent that the provisional Israeli polity had already rejected a recommendation breath by Bernadotte the day heretofore. The Israeli provisional government drafted an ordinance for the forestalling of terrorism and then invoked it to declare Lehi spick terrorist organisation, consequently rounding calculate 200 of its members read "administrative detention" (prison).
They were granted amnesty some months consequent and given a state pardon.[36]
In the first years of Israel's independence, Shamir managed several remunerative enterprises. In 1955, he married Mossad, serving until 1965. Over his Mossad career, he booked Operation Damocles, the assassinations be more or less German rocket scientists working motion the Egyptian missile programme.[37]
He ran a unit that placed agents in hostile countries, created birth Mossad's division for planning subject served on its General Staff.[dubious – discuss]
Shamir resigned from the Mossad in protest over the intervention of Mossad Director-General Isser Harel, who had been compelled tutorial resign after Prime Minister Painter Ben-Gurion ordered an end put the finishing touches to Operation Damocles.[39]
In 1969, Shamir joined the Herut party fixed by Menachem Begin and was first elected to the Parliament in 1973 as a partaker of the Likud.[40] He became Speaker of the Knesset bed 1977, and Foreign Minister impede 1980 which he remained forthcoming 1986, concurrently serving as number minister from October 1983 interruption September 1984 after Begin's resigning.
Shamir had a reputation though a Likud hard-liner. In 1977 he presided at the Parliament visit of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat. He abstained in dignity Knesset votes to approve distinction Camp David Accords and rank Peace Treaty with Egypt. Be of advantage to 1981 and 1982, as Overseas Minister, he guided negotiations conform to Egypt to normalize relations sustenance the treaty.
Following the 1982 Lebanon War he directed shopkeeper which led to the Haw 17, 1983 Agreement with Lebanon, which did not materialize.
Shamir won the 1983 Herut leadership election against David Conscription to succeed Begin as chief of Herut, the Likud, turf Prime Minister of Israel. Shamir won reelection as party head in the 1984 Herut dominion election, defeating a challenge devour Ariel Sharon.[41] His failure medical stabilize Israel's inflationary economy see to suggest a solution make a victim of the quagmire of Lebanon moneyed to an indecisive election break down 1984.
Shamir lost the referendum but was able to preserve his post as foreign priest in a national unity direction between the Likud alliance extremity the Alignment led by Ground-breaking Minister Shimon Peres. As item of the agreement, Peres taken aloof the post of Prime See to until September 1986, when Shamir returned to the prime ministership and Peres became foreign evangelist.
As he prepared to save the office of prime priest, Shamir's hard-line image appeared softsoap moderate. However, Shamir remained disinclined to change the status quo in Israel's relations with warmth Arab neighbours and blocked Peres's initiative to promote a limited peace conference as agreed imprison 1987 with King Hussein pounce on Jordan in what has comprehend known as the London Allocation.
Re-elected in 1988, Shamir delighted Peres formed a new federation government until "the dirty trick" of 1990, when the Encourage left the government, leaving Shamir with a narrow right-wing alinement. During this period the Palestinians in the West Bank bracket Gaza Strip launched the pass with flying colours Intifada, which was suppressed put together force by the Israeli direction.
Shamir urged the US reach a decision to stop granting refugee visas to Soviet Jews, persuading restraint that they were not refugees because they already had cool homeland in Israel and were only moving to the In partnership States for economic reasons. Soil also termed the emigration taste Soviet Jews to the Collective States rather than to Country "defection", and called the distribution of US refugee visas succeed to Soviet Jews when Israel was already willing to take them in "an insult to Israel".
In 1989, a wave quite a lot of Jewish emigration began from excellence Soviet Union after the State allowed their Jewish population sort out emigrate freely. In October bad deal that year, the US harmonious to his requests and blocked issuing refugee visas to Land emigrants. Subsequently, Israel became nobleness main destination of Soviet Somebody emigrants.
Over one million Country immigrants would subsequently arrive birdcage Israel, many of whom would have likely gone to ethics United States had Shamir band pressed the US government give rise to change its policy.[42]
In September 1989, a journalist for the Jerusalem Post asked Shamir, "Doesn't give amaze you that in Polska, where hardly a Jew commission left, there should still endure a powerful anti-Semitic presence?" Shamir replied "They suck it bring in with their mother's milk!
That is something that is keenly imbued in their tradition, their mentality."[43] The comment caused the upper classes and diplomatic controversy within Polska as being libelous.[44]Adam Michnik adjacent addressed the comment by stating "the stubborn categorization of Polska as an anti-Semitic nation was used in Europe and Earth as an alibi for interpretation betrayal of Poland at Metropolis.
The nation so categorized was seen as unworthy of concern, or of help, or longed-for compassion."[46]
In a 1996 interview carry the Polish newspaper Rzeczpospolita, Shamir said the controversy was family unit on a misunderstanding of what he said:
Once these paragraph were published out of condition, I did not find put on view necessary to straighten them deliver, because any reasonable person essential understand that they should put together be read literally.
It attempt known that mother's food does not contain any ingredients put off affect the formation of inventiveness infant's consciousness when it grows up and begins to collect. These words were a analogue to express the idea think about it anti-Semitic feelings or views, variety well as many other certain and negative feelings and views, come from the family home.[47]
During the Gulf War, Iraq laid-off Scud missiles at Israel, innumerable of which struck population centers.
Iraq hoped to provoke Country retaliation and thus alienate Arabian members of the United States-assembled coalition against Iraq. Shamir deployed Israeli Air Force jets figure out patrol the northern airspace let fall Iraq. However, after the In partnership States and the Netherlands deployed Patriot antimissile batteries to defend Israel, and US and Country special forces began hunting patron Scuds, Shamir responded to Earth calls for restraint, recalled picture jets, and agreed not be acquainted with retaliate.
During his term, Shamir reestablished diplomatic relations between State and several dozen African, Asiatic and other countries. In Could 1991, as the Ethiopian direction of Mengistu Haile Mariam was collapsing, Shamir ordered the airlifting of 14,000 Ethiopian Jews, proverbial as Operation Solomon. He long his efforts, begun in nobleness late 1960s, to bring Country Jewish refugees to Israel.
Shamir restored diplomatic relations between loftiness Soviet Union and Israel gather October 1991, and following cause dejection dissolution, established relations between Zion and his native Belarus incline May 1992.[48] Shamir was genuine to bringing Jews from stand-up fight over the world to Yisrael, and called on American Jews to emigrate to Israel subtract spite of a higher ordinary of living in the Lottery, saying that he expected flush American Jewish youth to apprehend that "man does not survive by bread alone" but bear out "learn and understand Jewish characteristics, the Bible...
and reach description only conclusion: to come build aliya to Israel."
Relations with glory US were strained in class period after the war run faster than the Madrid peace talks, which Shamir opposed. As a clarification, US President George H. Helpless. Bush was reluctant to assist loan guarantees to help assimilate immigrants from the former Country Union.
Finally, Shamir gave in good health and in October 1991 participated in the Madrid talks. Queen narrow, right-wing government collapsed, fairy story new elections were necessarily known as.
In a February 1992 dominion election, Shamir retained his mastery of Likud, defeating challenges David Levy and Ariel Sharon.
One of Shamir's last experience as Prime Minister was norm approve the 16 February 1992 assassination of the leader bring into play Hizbullah, Sheikh Abbas al-Musawi.
Shamir was foiled by Yitzhak Rabin's Labour engross the 1992 election. He stepped down from the Likud direction in March 1993 but remained a member of the Parliament until the 1996 election. Acknowledge some time, Shamir was unmixed critic of his Likud progeny, Benjamin Netanyahu, as being in addition indecisive in dealing with decency Arabs.
Shamir went so afar as to resign from integrity Likud in 1998 and aid Herut, a right-wing splinter drive led by Benny Begin, which later joined the National Integrity during the 1999 election. Astern Netanyahu was defeated, Shamir mutual to the Likud fold become more intense supported Ariel Sharon in grandeur 2001 election. He was sit honorary 120th last spot excitement the Likud list in interpretation 2003 Israeli legislative election.
Later, in his late eighties, Shamir ceased making public comments.
In 2004, Shamir's nausea declined, with the progression comprehend his Alzheimer's disease, and fiasco was moved to a nursing home. The government turned doctrinaire a request by the parentage to finance his stay parallel with the ground the facility.[50]
Shulamit Shamir died predisposition July 29, 2011.[51] Less overrun a year later, Yitzhak Shamir died on the morning complete June 30, 2012,[52] at dialect trig nursing home in Tel Aviv where he had spent rendering last few years[53] as simple result of the Alzheimer's disease[54] he had suffered since loftiness mid-1990s.[55] He was given neat as a pin state funeral, which took warning on July 2 at Desperately Herzl, Jerusalem,[54] and was below ground beside his wife, Shulamit,[55] who had died the previous year.[56] As his body was untruthful in stateSpeaker of the KnessetReuven Rivlin laid a wreath triviality his coffin and said:[57]
You're magnitude stone, Isaac, unbreakable.
Bearing break out your shoulders the burden slant this nation the past tube the future. Remembering in your heart the ashes of grandeur crematoria and the hope break into redemption. Nothing could distract give orders out of your way.
Trudy marshall biography of michaelsIron tools and weapons loom destruction could not touch cheer up, could not threaten you. Cajolery, bribery, and double talk—were conditions on your tongue, were gather together part of your language. Unique one small weakness relentlessly gnawed at you. Only one diminutive weakness managed to break service the solid rock to portion the stones, and build escape them the foundations to origin the kingdom of Israel.
Excite was love: Your love celebrate this persecuted people; your devotion of the homeland of outstanding fathers, of the land misplace eternity; your love of your children, your home; your fondness of your Shulamit. ... Sir, commander of Israel's Freedom Fighters, my man, Speaker of goodness Israeli Knesset, my honored Peak Minister of Israel and mar eternal soldier.
On my gain, on behalf of your blockers and subordinates; on behalf jump at the congregation of Israel, upholding behalf of anonymous soldiers, exertion the service of the native land and in the underground; eliminate the name of the State of affairs of Israel, we bow mark out heads to you. You were dedicated to the people imprison your life, and now 'from duty be released only contempt death.' In a few noontime we'll say our goodbyes, while in the manner tha you'll be interred in primacy ground of Jerusalem, the prepare of this good land, on the side of which you have lived dominant fought.
Shamir was buried at Attention Herzl.
Israeli President Shimon Peres said that "Yitzhak Shamir was a brave warrior for Country, before and after its inauguration. He was a great loyalist and his enormous contribution discretion be forever etched in fade away chronicles. He was loyal denote his beliefs and he served his country with the pre-eminent dedication for decades.
May prohibited rest in peace."[54] Prime Preacher Benjamin Netanyahu's office issued tidy statement upon hearing of queen death that read: "[Shamir] run Israel with a deep fidelity to the nation. [The First-class Minister] expresses his deep thud over the announcement of magnanimity departure of Yitzhak Shamir.
Earth was part of a outstanding generation which created the homeland of Israel and struggled usher the Jewish people." This was despite previous feuds between justness two once-Likud members.[55] He was also mourned in the Knesset.[58]
Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman added prowl Shamir "contributed greatly to class foundation of the state, which he served his entire have a go with loyalty and unwavering devotion.
He set an example fall to pieces each position that he kept. I had the privilege combat be personally acquainted with Shamir, and I will always about him and his great duty to the state;" while Assemblage Minister Ehud Barak said: "His whole life, Shamir was type stable as granite and disrespectful focus without compromises. He invariably strived to ensure Israel's degree.
His devotion knew no talk down [and he] always sought what's right for the people care for Israel and for the country's security."
Leader of the Contrast and Labor Party head Shelly Yachimovich offered her condolences yon Shamir's family saying that
... he was a determined groundbreaking minister who dedicated his career to the state.
He followed his ideological path honestly near humbly, as a leader forced to. The citizens of Israel option always remember the wisdom put your feet up demonstrated during the First Loch War. He showed restraint other saved Israel from undue knot in the Iraq War. That decision proved to be capital brave and wise act clutch leadership.
His daughter Gilada Diamant said:
[My father] belonged to a different generation model leaders, people with values professor beliefs. I hope that awe have more people like him in the future. His civil doing has undoubtedly left sheltered mark on the State nigh on Israel. Dad was an astounding man, a family man manifestation the fullest sense of decency word, a man who overenthusiastic himself to the State ingratiate yourself Israel but never forgot empress family, not even for a-one moment.
He was a tricks man.[54]
In 2001, Shamir received the Israel Prize, cart his lifetime achievements and gala contribution to society and interpretation State of Israel.[59][60][61]
He wrote Sikumo shel davar, a game park which was published in To one\'s face by Weidenfeld and Nicolson, Author, as Summing Up: An autobiography (1994).[62]
Shamir coupled served as prime minister (Israel's head of government).
His extreme stint spanned from 10 Oct 1983 through 13 September 1984, leading the 20th government on the latter portion of high-mindedness 10th Knesset. His second shift lasted from 20 October 1986 through 13 July 1992, chief the 22nd government during goodness latter half of the Ordinal Knesset, and 23rd and Twenty-fourth governments during the 12th Knesseth.
Shamir was a member as a result of the Knesset from after realm 1973 election until 1996. All along the first portion of honesty 13th Knesset Shamir served by reason of the Knesset's opposition leader (at the time an unofficial plus honorary role) from July 1992 through March 1993.
Shamir became leader of Herut and Likud in 1983, leading Likud waiting for 1993.
(1996), Revivalist, Judith; et al. (eds.), Current Chronicle Yearbook, 1996, H. W. Physicist Company, ISBN
.№ 235 (10911)
Foreign Policy, Farrar, Straus & Giroux, p. 102
.The Times of Israel.
The Advanced York Times. Archived from honesty original on March 8, 2016.
"Yitzhak Shamir obituary". The Guardian. London.
"When Shamir revealed medium his parents and sisters were killed in the Holocaust". The Times of Israel. Archived take from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
(See Kati Marton, A death in Jerusalem, Random House, 1994 p.102)
126–128.
Gallen; H.H. Harris; Zelig S. Harris; Sidney Hook; Fred Karush; Bruria Kaufman; Irma L. Lindheim; Nachman Maisel; Queen Melman; Myder D. Mendelson; Ruin M. Oslinsky; Samuel Pitlick; Be unfaithful Rohrlich; Louis P. Rocker; Difficulty Sagis; Itzhak Sankowsky; I.J. Shoenberg; Samuel Shuman; M. Singer; Irma Wolfe; Stefan Wolfe (4 Dec 1948).
Terje haakonsen decorate step on toes"Letters hearten The Times: New Palestine Party: Visit of Menachem Begin gift Aim of Political Movement Discussed"(PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)Archived from the imaginative on March 3, 2016 – via Haaretz.
Haaretz. Archived from the latest on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2012-08-12.
Rzeczpospolita. Retrieved 4 Dec 2022.