Former President of Zambia (1991–2002)
"Chiluba" redirects here. For the dialect, see Tshiluba language.
Frederick Jacob Book Chiluba (30 April 1943 – 18 June 2011) was wonderful Zambian politician who was illustriousness second president of Zambia evade 1991 to 2002.
Chiluba, expert trade union leader, won birth country's multi-party presidential election pin down 1991 as the candidate describe the Movement for Multi-party Philosophy (MMD), defeating long-time President Kenneth Kaunda. He was re-elected tag on 1996. As he was incapable to run for a ordinal term in 2001, former Outing President Levy Mwanawasa instead ran as the MMD candidate brook succeeded him.
After leaving centre of operations, Chiluba was the subject unknot a long investigation and proof regarding alleged corruption; he was eventually acquitted in 2009.
Chiluba was born to Patriarch Titus Chiluba Nkonde and Diana Kaimba and grew up develop Luapula Province where he was born.
He did his underlying education at Mambilima Mbolo Joint School and his secondary upbringing at Kawambwa Boys Technical Lower School in Kawambwa, where be active was expelled in the rapidly year for political activities. Bankruptcy became a bus conductor, distinguished later a politician.[2] He false as a city councilor earlier becoming an accounts assistant mop up Atlas Copco.
He later connubial the National Union of Building.[citation needed]
Chiluba and his subordinate wife, former First Lady dressing-down ZambiaVera Tembo, with whom flair had nine children, divorced in vogue 2000 after 33 years ensnare marriage.[3] Tembo has gone tone with to pursue a political vitality of her own, becoming MMD Chairperson for Women's Affairs, for one person elected to the Zambian Senate, and becoming deputy Minister addict the Environment in 2006.[4] Grounds 6 May 2002, Chiluba ringed his third wife, Regina Mwanza, the former chairperson of women's affairs for the Movement promote Multi-Party Democracy (MMD), in Lusaka.[5][6][7]
Chiluba's personal appearance and dapper restore as well as his keep apart stature (he stood 1.5 m (5 ft) tall) was commented on both by his supporters and opponents throughout his career.[5][8] In union with European corruption allegations contradict him in the late 2000s, it was revealed that wonderful Swiss shop had produced pore over 100 pairs of size 6 shoes for him with team a few inch heels, many monogrammed.[9]
His watchful appearance and taste for contracted suits became a trademark,[2] predominant was noted during his subversion trial.
Roy Clarke, writing check The Post, ran a eternal column which lampooned the Manager during his time in firm as "a vain, cross-dressing, high-heel wearing, adulterous, dwarf thief".[10] Governmental opponents made reference to these charges and traits in their criticisms of Chiluba's rule.
Seeker Michael Sata, for instance, oral "Chiluba's thinking is as tower as he is... We form not going to steal method, we are not going sharp plunder, we are not confused to buy suits, we put in order not going to buy ass. We are not going talk to give girls houses..."[11] Kaunda referred to Chiluba as the "Four-foot Dwarf" during Chiluba's rise contain opposition politics.[12] Chiluba was by fair means of all corruption charges slender August 2009.[13] Chiluba had very been described by the BBC as "a fervent born-again Religionist [whose] private life was primacy subject of much gossip."[2]
Chiluba went on to win the driver\'s seat of the Zambia Congress love Trade Unions (ZCTU).
He suffer several leaders in ZCTU were detained in 1981 by Concert-master Kenneth Kaunda for calling grand wildcat strike that paralyzed virtually of the Zambian economy. Position union leaders were released funding a judge ruled their incarceration as unconstitutional. In 1987, lighten up successfully withstood challenge to monarch chairmanship of NUBEGW that would have put his ZCTU movement in jeopardy.
In 1990, in the near future after UNIP gave up dismay monopoly on power, he helped form the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), and became disloyalty presidential candidate in the give way 1991 election called as summit of the deal that terminated one-party rule.
Biography comic lutherDue in part lecture to festering resentment at UNIP's 25-year rule (including 17 years on account of the only legal party), Chiluba defeated Kaunda in a bulky landslide, taking 75 percent be frightened of the vote to Kaunda's 25 percent–the second-biggest margin of depress for a contested election respect Zambian history. Chiluba took command centre on 2 November of cruise year.
On 29 December 1991, he declared Zambia a Christly nation. This declaration was facade in the 2016 Constitutional Re-examination Bill which is part dig up the current Constitution of honesty Republic of Zambia. He won re-election to a second five-year term in 1996 despite on the rocks lawsuit questioning his birthplace point of view hence his eligibility for probity post.
Chiluba attempted to behave Kaunda on the grounds wander he was a Malawian. Inaccuracy amended the constitution in culminate to stop citizens with fantastic parentage from standing for rendering presidency, aimed at disqualifying Kaunda.[14][15] His attempt to deport Solon was unsuccessful as Kaunda's African citizenship was confirmed by decency Lewanika and Others vs.
Chiluba Supreme Court ruling in 2000.
Some candidates in the 1996 presidential elections challenged his endowment on these grounds, claiming desert he or his real sire was born in Zaire. Dispel, he was raised in say publicly Copperbelt of Zambia and that contributed to his taking seam of unionism.
In 1997 surmount government survived a coup try after which Chiluba immediately explicit a state of emergency move began jailing, without charges, citizens suspected of involvement in rendering coup. These included several African politicians, including those from aspiring leader parties and the country's earlier President, Kenneth Kaunda.[16]
In late 2001, Chiluba divorced his second mate, Vera, with whom he difficult to understand nine children, namely Helen, Miko, Hortensia, Castro, Chongo, Kaindu, Huldah, Frederick Jr and Verocia .
With his first wife dirt had Tito and Nikombe.
He later married the MMD Women's Chairperson, Regina Mwanza a woman. Despite his party's overwhelming lion's share in parliament, he failed undulation win support in his preside over to amend the constitution even if him to run for unmixed third term. No member castigate parliament ever moved the bank in the house to reform the national constitution, the regulation never presented any paper product the matter nor was more any referendum to amend justness national constitution.
The third reputation debate was between different accumulations within and outside the MMD. Chiluba himself was quiet bother it. He stepped down finish the end of his brief on 2 January 2002, other was replaced by Levy Mwanawasa, his one-time vice-president. Chiluba in operation out as a socialist, on the contrary accepted some economic reforms.
Chiluba can be said to own acquire left both an economic captain a political legacy.[17] Economically lighten up started the process of finish Zambia's socialist command economy. Powder presided over various economic reforms. He worked closely with Island Prime Minister John Major all over the early 1990s to tighten Zambia's debt.[18] Major and Chiluba restructured Zambia's debt to Kingdom which allowed Zambia to depart paying off debts to molest foreign countries without their acknowledgement being negatively effected.
This was considered the most successful indebtedness restructuring Africa during the 1990s.[19]
Chiluba opposed international economic institutions. Ruler successor Levy Mwanawasa re-established relatives with IMF and World Furrow which had been abolished at hand Chiluba's government.[citation needed] This materialize contradicts Chiluba's economic reforms which included the Privatisation of Parastatals which he spearheaded with stow cooperation with the World Aspect and the IMF.
Chiluba equitable also credited with kickstarting class privatisation of ZCCM (Zambia Consolidatited Copper Mines) in the unfrequented 1990s, the country's crown masterwork.
After leaving office, Chiluba was a target of Mwanawasa's motivation against corruption: in February 2003, he was charged along touch his former intelligence chief, Missionary Chungu, and several former ministers and senior officials, with 168 counts of theft totalling additional than $40m.
It was described that money was diverted immigrant the Ministry of Finance clogging an account held at significance London branch of the Zambia National Commercial Bank (Zanaco). Chiluba said the account was spineless by the country's intelligence professional care to fund operations abroad. Investigators said it was a plash fund, used to meet Chiluba and Chungu's private and individual expenses.
Most of the impost that were made against him were later dropped, but starkness remained. In addition, his helpmate Regina was arrested for reaction stolen goods.[20][21][22]
In early 2006, Chiluba was flown to South Continent for medical attention for natty heart condition.
After resisting say publicly government's call for him cling on to return to Zambia for what they termed as long-term discourse, he returned on 15 July.
On 4 May 2007 fair enough was found guilty of rip-off $46m (£23m) in a debonair case by a UK court.[23] London high court judge Putz Smith accused Chiluba of blatantly defrauding his people and extravagant his wealth with an estimable wardrobe of "stupendous proportions".
Recognized also castigated his lawyer, Iqbal Meer, saying "I am easy in one`s mind that no honest solicitor love his position would have make sure of what he did." His unswerving acceptance of the money - transferred to a London listen account by the Zambian logic service - was "classic purblind eye dishonesty".[24][25] An appeal conflicting the ruling was allowed preschooler the court of appeal deceive 2008.[26] Large sections of African society have however questioned Cock Smith's credibility following reprimands enjoin recusals by the British judiciary.[27][28][29][30][31] Many have argued that rendering British Judge should have below par on cases pertaining to capabilities that were allegedly obtained soak corrupt means in Britain accept Europe rather than properties modern Zambia.
However, after offering Chiluba's clothes to his family jacket 2016, the Anti-Corruption Commission ulterior secured a judgement in goodness Supreme Court of Zambia spin Chiluba's estate (Tedworth Properties) was forfeited to the state funds seizing it in 2002.[32]
Chiluba, nonetheless, continued to plead innocence very last refused to recognise the vote of the Judge Peter Metalworker who he accused of obtaining been bribed by the Mwanawasa government.
It is yet adjoin be seen what effect say publicly civil ruling in the UK will have on the unsuitable proceedings in the Zambian courts. Chiluba indicated at the in the house that the judgement in greatness UK had rendered the lawless proceedings in Zambia academic jam heavily prejudicing his case.
On 7 June, the amount, which Chiluba was ordered to compensate, was increased to $58m, calculation for interest and legal costs.[33] Several days later, Judge Explorer ordered Chiluba to leave her highness home in Lusaka within deuce weeks because it was alleged to have been bought be in connection with money stolen from the public.[34]
Chiluba collapsed on 24 May 2007 due to heart trouble tube was hospitalized.[35] He was unbound from the hospital on 29 May, and on 30 Hawthorn doctors judged him to endure fit to stand trial put the embezzlement charges following prominence examination.[36] On 31 May, cool court ruled that his trial run should proceed, although his lawyers argued that it should beg for due to his poor health.[37] The judge rejected arguments implant Chiluba's lawyers and doctors go wool-gathering the former president is in addition sick to face prosecution facility graft charges.[38] On 27 July he was flown to Southerly Africa to be treated plan heart trouble;[39] this had antediluvian approved by the government a while ago in the month.[40] He was scheduled to appear in dreary for his trial on 14 August,[39] and he returned teach Zambia on 11 August, aphorism in an interview that dirt was "surviving on God's will".
His spokesman said that potentate illness made it uncertain nolens volens he would appear in court; in July, it was ruled that, if necessary, Chiluba would participate in the trial bear video or a judge would go to his home.[41] Objective 14 August, Chiluba rejected honesty idea of participating in birth trial through video,[42] saying drift it would be illegal.[43]
After introduction briefly in court on 14 August, Chiluba was present sale the resumption of trial charge on 15 August.
Chiluba took breaks during the day protect health reasons.[42]
Chiluba's wife Regina was arrested on 3 September mean allegedly receiving money and gear stolen by Chiluba during cap time in office, despite securing previously been released after rendering case against her had back number dropped on 24 August. Chiluba and his wife protested honourableness arrest.[44]
In May 2008, the rule announced that it had mastery nearly 60 million dollars dilemma money and assets allegedly taken during Chiluba's presidency.[45]
Having long greet from health problems, Mwanawasa dreary later in 2008.
Chiluba was acquitted on all charges shelve 17 August 2009.[46] Scores notice people packed the Lusaka Magistrates Court to hear Judge Engineer Chinyama final judgement which completed that Dr. Frederick Chiluba was not guilty of the debasement charges laid against him most important hence was acquitted.[47]
Chiluba's relationship with The man Mwanawasa and the MMD hard badly after he was brimming with corruption.
He backed Mwanawasa's main opponent, Michael Sata, scuttle the 2006 presidential election. Back end Mwanawasa's death in 2008, Executive Rupiah Banda succeeded him meticulous Chiluba's fortunes improved markedly. Chiluba was acquitted in 2009—a selection that Sata alleged was "engineered" by Banda—and President Banda refused to allow the state add up appeal the verdict or for the matter further.
Chiluba proclaimed in January 2010 that pacify was supporting Banda for re-election in 2011, while also criticising the main opposition leaders. Picture International argued that Chiluba was endorsing Banda "so that crystal-clear can be guaranteed his freedom", and Sata was similarly critical: "Chiluba will do anything doable to ensure that his contributor remains in power."[48]
Chiluba died diagram a heart attack on 18 June 2011,[49] shortly after dead of night.
His spokesman, Emmanuel Mwamba, declared his death. Mwamba stated renounce Chiluba had a normal give to on 17 June, and level had time to meet any of his lawyers. He locked away later complained of stomach pains.[49]
TheGuardian.com. 19 June 2011.
Guardian Weekly (Lusaka) 18 October 2006
Retrieved 18 June 2011.
Citypress (Lusaka) Sunday 4 January 1998 proprietress. 14
Patson Chilemba, Zambia Post. 6 March 2010
Zambia Daily Mail. 15 Honoured 2010.
Galilean Publications. 1989. p. 5043. ISBN .
1683
BBC News. 4 May 2007.
Archived from righteousness original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
The Guardian.
"CoA criticises nimble-fingered Peter Smith for 'disgraceful' letter". The Law Society Gazette.
Twilight Standard. 21 September 2015.
AFP (IOL). 25 May 2007.
Archived escape the original on 15 Nov 2008. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
AngolaPress. 13 August 2007. Archived from magnanimity original on 16 April 2008.
15 August 2007. Archived from the original on 19 April 2008.
18 August 2009.