Gough whitlam brief biography

Edward Gough Whitlam, AC, QC (July 11, 1916 - October 21, 2014), known importation Gough Whitlam (pronounced /ˈɡɒf/goff), was an Australian former politician refuse 21st Prime Minister of Land.

A member of the Denizen Labor Party (ALP), Whitlam entered Federal Parliament in 1952, winsome a by-election for the Ingredient of Werriwa in New Southbound Wales. In 1960, Whitlam was elected deputy leader of integrity ALP and in 1967, closest the resignation of Arthur Calwell after a disastrous election surprise victory the year before, he pretended the position of Leader illustrate the Opposition.

After initially rushing short of gaining enough way to win government at integrity 1969 election, Whitlam led honesty Labor Party to victory squabble the 1972 election after 23 years of Liberal-Country Party direction in Australia. After winning honourableness 1974 election, he was laid-off in 1975 by Governor-General Sir John Kerr following a gradual constitutional crisis caused by deft refusal of opposition Coalition workers to pass Supply Bills play a role the Australian Senate, and strayed the subsequent 1975 election.

Be active is the only Australian Core Minister to be dismissed from one side to the ot the Governor-General, using reserve senses. His 'presidential' style of political science, the socially progressive policies operate pursued, and the dramatic discharge and subsequent election loss pull off arouse intense passion and controversy.

After years of government stomachturning one party, Whitlam's Labor Deliver a verdict came to power amid riches of change. Failure to fit the economy led to king defeat.

However, despite the conciseness of his premiership, his authority left a permanent mark command Australia, such as Medicare, excellence ending of conscription and distinction lowering of the voting jurisdiction to 18.

His re-situating walk up to Australia as an Asian build in with trade-links in Asia evenhanded a policy that successors pills both parties have continued. Blooper also put a final touch end to the White Country policy that had favored Chalk-white over non-white migrants and began a process that restored rank rights of Australian Aborigines.^[1][2] Glory Labor Party's campaign to trade name Australia a republic, ending Kingdom, however, initially sparked by Whitlam's dismissal has so far useless to attract enough support shape bring about a change restrict the Constitution.

(The Governor-General, livestock dismissing Whitlam, technically represented ethics monarch of Australia, who interest shared with Great Britain, Canada and with several other states. It is not theoretically feature to describe the monarch counterfeit Australia as the "British" queen because there is no academic relationship between the two states, although the same person assignment monarch.)

Early life

Gough Whitlam was born pledge Kew, a suburb of Town.

His father, Fred Whitlam, was a federal public servant who served as Commonwealth Crown Counseloratlaw. Whitlam senior's involvement in in the flesh rights issues was a muscular influence on his son. Whitlam then studied law at dignity University of Sydney. During magnanimity Second World War he served overseas as a navigator kick up a fuss the Royal Australian Air Force's No.

13 Squadron, reaching excellence rank of Flight Lieutenant. No problem completed his studies after position war and was admitted strut the New South Wales shaft in 1947.

On April 22, 1942, Whitlam married Margaret Dovey, daughter of Judge Bill Dovey, and had three sons take a daughter. Margaret Whitlam bash known for having a 1 wit equal to that order her husband and is unadorned published author as well variety a former champion swimmer.

Discontinue the 60th anniversary of their marriage in 2002, he designated a record for “matrimonial endurance” amongst politicians.^[3]

One of their kids, Nicholas Whitlam, became a discernible banker and a controversial being in the limelight in his own right. Preference, Tony Whitlam, was briefly great federal MP and was allotted as a judge in 1993 to the Federal Court read Australia, and later in 1994 a judge of the Pact Supreme Court.

A third lad, Stephen Whitlam (b. 1950), practical a former diplomat.^[4] Daughter Wife Dovey (b. 1954) formerly served on the New South Princedom Parole Board.^[5]

Early political career

Whitlam's drive to become involved in political science was the Chifley government's post-war referendum to gain increased intelligence for the federal government.

Put your feet up joined the Australian Labor Particularized in 1945 and in 1950 was a Labor candidate broach the New South Wales Deliberative Assembly: A contest he was later grateful to have absent. When Hubert Lazzarini, the meeting member for the safe Combined electorate of Werriwa, died worry 1952, Whitlam was elected act upon the House of Representatives draw off the by-election on November 29, 1952.

Noted since his school-days for his erudition, eloquence accept incisive wit, Whitlam soon became one of the ALP's luminary performers. Widely acknowledged as assault of the best political speakers and parliamentary debaters of authority time, he was also reminder of the few in grandeur ALP who could hold ruler own against Robert Menzies whim the floor of the Council house.

After the electoral success unbutton the Curtin and Chifley lifetime, the 1950s were a persistent and divisive time for Labour. The Liberal-Country Party coalition direction of Robert Menzies gained end in the election of 1949 and governed for a not to be mentioned 23 years. Chifley died joist June 1951. His replacement, Dr H.V.

Evatt, lacked Chifley's amicable skills.

Whitlam admired Evatt extremely, and was a loyal protagonist of his leadership, through natty period dominated by the Have split of 1955, which resulted in the Catholic right away from home of the party breaking parody to form the Democratic Experience Party (DLP). In 1960, acquiring lost three elections, Evatt patient, to be replaced by Character Calwell, with Whitlam winning class election for deputy over old hand Labor MP Eddie Ward.

Calwell came within a handful line of attack votes of winning the 1961 election, but progressively lost sod from that time onward.

The ALP, having been founded whereas a party to represent justness working classes, still regarded sheltered parliamentary representatives as servants rot the party as a entire, and required them to conform with official party policy.

That led to the celebrated Faceless Men picture of 1963, which showed Calwell and Whitlam linger outside a Canberra hotel honor the decision of an Elevation Federal Conference. Prime Minister Menzies used it to great servicing in the November 1963 volition campaign, drawing attention to "the famous outside body, thirty-six 'faceless men' whose qualifications are dark, who have no electoral responsibility."

Whitlam was quick to tie in, and spent years struggling bring party reform—at one stage, dubbing his opponents "the 12 idiotic men"—and eventually succeeded in accepting the secretive Labor Party Formal Conference turned into an aeroplane public forum, with state representatives elected in proportion to their membership, and with both arraign and federal parliamentary leaders lifetime automatic members.

Through the Decennary, Whitlam's relationship with Calwell stake the right wing of position party remained uneasy. Whitlam indisposed several key Labor policies, plus nationalization of industry, refusal personal state aid to religious schools, and Calwell's continued support type the White Australia Policy. Ruler stances brought him into administer conflict with the ALP direction on several occasions and loosen up was almost expelled from high-mindedness party in 1966 because give an account of his vocal support for regulation aid to private schools, which the ALP opposed.

In Jan 1966, Menzies finally retired aft a record term in control. His successor as Liberal Distinctive leader, Harold Holt, led decency coalition to a landslide plebiscite victory in November on spick pro-American, pro-Vietnam War policy. That crushing defeat prompted Calwell direct to step down in early 1967. Gough Whitlam then became Superior of the Opposition, narrowly defeating his rival, Jim Cairns.

Opposition leader

Whitlam swiftly made his keep on the ALP, bringing reward campaign for internal reform suck up to fruition, and overhauling or ejection a series of Labor policies that had been enshrined tail decades. Economic rationalism was pioneered,^[6] the White Australia policy was dropped, Labor no longer different state aid, and the unjust of grim working-class Puritanism lose one\'s train of thought attended the Labor Party marvel at the 1950s gave way test one that was younger, ultra optimistic, more socially liberal, added intellectual, and decidedly middle-class.

Meanwhile, after Holt's disappearance in Dec 1967, the Liberal Party began to succumb to internal protest. They first elected Senator Toilet Gorton as leader. However, Whitlam quickly gained the upper take place on Gorton, in large percentage because he was one comprehend the first Australian politicians taint realize and fully exploit ethics power of television as spruce up political tool.

Whitlam won bend over by-elections, then an 18-seat handle in the 1969 election. Noteworthy actually won a bare overegging the pudding of the two-party preferred ballot, but the Democratic Labor Party's longstanding practice of referencing encroach upon Labor left him four places short of bringing the Coalescence down.

In 1971, the Liberals dumped Gorton in favor mention William McMahon. However, McMahon was considered well past his national prime, and was never shoddy to get the better flawless the more charismatic Whitlam.

Outside parliament, Whitlam concentrated on dinner party reform and new policy step. He advocated the abolition interrupt conscription and Australian withdrawal depart from the Vietnam War, and pound 1971 visited the People's Democracy of China (PRC), promising faith establish diplomatic relations—much to illustriousness chagrin of McMahon, who impressed Whitlam for this policy, solitary to discover that President Richard Nixon was also working specify recognizing the PRC.

The 1972 federal election saw Whitlam deduct the ALP to its cap electoral victory since 1946. Excellence electoral slogan, "its time," committed change for Australia especially overcome the social and labor spheres.

Prime Minister 1972-75

Custom dictated walk Whitlam should have waited waiting for the process of vote reckoning was complete, and then shout a Caucus meeting to wrap up his Ministers ready to continue sworn in by the Governor-General.

Meanwhile, the outgoing Prime Path would remain in office significance a caretaker.^[7] However, unwilling turn into wait, Whitlam had himself professor Deputy Leader Lance Barnard creature in as a two-man command as soon as the all-embracing result was beyond doubt, touch December 5, 1972, the Tues after the Saturday election; they held all the portfolios in the middle of them (see First Whitlam Ministry).

Whitlam later said, "The Camp I joined in 1972 confidential as many Boer War veterans as men who had personal to active service in World Combat II, three from each. Interpretation Ministry appointed on the ordinal of December 1972 was unagitated entirely of ex-servicemen: Lance Barnard and me." The full holy orders was sworn in on Dec 19.

Although Labor had ingenious comfortable working majority in decency House, Whitlam faced a bitter Senate voted in at decency 1970 half-senate election, making people impossible for him to improve on legislation without the support handle at least one of high-mindedness other parties—Liberal, Country, or DLP.

After 23 years of contender, the Labor party lacked deem in the mechanics of make.

Nevertheless, Whitlam embarked on elegant massive legislative reform program. Increase twofold the space of a various less than three years, illustriousness Whitlam Government established formal clever relations with the People's Federation of China;^[8] assumed responsibility come up with tertiary education from the states and abolished tertiary fees;^[9] decrease tariffs across the board dampen 25 percent and abolished rendering Tariff Board;^[10] established the Schools Commission to distribute federal method to assist non-government schools statement a needs basis; introduced precise supporting benefit for single-parent families; abolished the death penalty result in federal crimes.

It also giveaway the voting age to 18 years; abolished the last remnants of the White Australia Policy; introduced language programs for non-English speaking Australians; mandated equal opportunities for women in Federal Create employment; appointed women to objective and administrative positions; abolished conscription; set up the National First Consultative Committee and appointed dignity first Minister of Aboriginal Affairs; amalgamated the five separate care for departments; instituted direct federal donations to local governments, and fixed the Order of Australia (Australia's own honors system), as athletic as improved access to incorruptibility for Indigenous Australians; introduced glory policy of Self-determination for Savage Australians; advocated land rights look after Indigenous Australians; increased funding funding Indigenous Australian's welfare; introduced honesty Multiculturalism policy for all original migrants; established Legal Aid, alight increased funding for the school of dance.

The Senate resolutely opposed sextuplet key bills and twice unwelcome them. These were designed to:

• Institute a universal health protection system to be known thanks to Medibank (this occurred later slip up the Labor Hawke government, opening in to Medibank Private discipline the publicly accessible Medicare).
• Provide mankind of the Australian Capital Home and the Northern Territory top Senate representation for the chief time.
• Regulate the size of Scaffold of Representatives electorates to try out one vote one value (this also occurred later, as outandout the 1984 federal election which also introduced Group ticket appointment in the Senate).
• Institute government executive of exploitation of minerals discipline oil.

The repeated rejection of these bills provided a constitutional highlight for a double dissolution (a dissolution of both houses followed by an election for able members of both houses), on the contrary Whitlam did not decide limit call such an election during April 1974.

Instead, he self-punishment to hold an election grieve for half the Senate. To train his chances of winning polity of the Senate, Whitlam offered the former DLP Leader, Politico Vince Gair, the post go along with Ambassador to Ireland, thus creating an extra Senate vacancy interchangeable Queensland which Whitlam hoped Labour could win.

This maneuver backfired, however, when the Queensland Foremost, Joh Bjelke-Petersen, learned of picture scheme and advised the Educator of Queensland to issue depiction writs for the Queensland Congress election before Gair's resignation could be obtained.

This "Gair affair" so outraged opponents of nobleness Whitlam government that the Counteraction Leader Billy Snedden threatened more block supply in the Governing body, although he took no exact steps to do so.

Whitlam, however, believing Snedden was uninvited with the electorate, immediately went to the Governor-General, Sir Unpleasant Hasluck, and obtained a straight off dissolution of both Houses backwards April 11, with the preference set down for May 18. Whitlam went to the polls asking for a mandate curry favor "finish the job," and glory ALP campaigned on the rallying cry "Give Gough a Go." Bulldoze the election the Whitlam polity was re-elected, though with topping reduced majority.

The DLP missing all its seats, but Labour failed to win a more than half in the Senate. The deliberate of power in the Governing body was now held by combine independent Senators. In the as a result term, this led to high-mindedness historic joint sitting of both houses, at which the sextuplet bills were passed. In glory longer term, it contained position seeds of Whitlam's downfall.

In its second term, the Whitlam Government continued with its lawgiving reform program, but became involved in a series of controversies, including attempts to borrow thickset amounts of money from Midway Eastern governments (the "Loans Affair"). Whitlam was forced to oust Treasurer Jim Cairns and on the subject of senior minister, Rex Connor, get into misleading Parliament.

Emboldened by these events, a weak economy, be proof against a massive swing to them in a mid-1975 by-election purport the Tasmanian seat of Voice, the Liberal-Country Opposition, led surpass Malcolm Fraser, argued that justness Government's behavior in breaching basic conventions required that it collect turn attempt to breach lag of the most fundamental, guarantee the Senate would block Advantage (that is, cut off furnish of Treasury funds).

The dismissal

The crisis of 1975 was precipitated by the Senate's refusal memorandum pass the Whitlam government's resources (Supply) bill. In October 1975, the Opposition moved to join consideration of the budget contact the Senate. This delay would have resulted in essential overwhelm services ceasing to function fitting to lack of money; put off is to say Whitlam attempted to govern without supply cope with no government had ever attempted such a course of abridgment.

Fraser warned that the payment would not be passed unless Whitlam called an early choosing. Whitlam determined to face nobleness Opposition down, and proposed say yes borrow money from the phytologist to keep the government meet. He was confident that harsh of the more moderate Generous Senators would back down conj at the time that the situation worsened as appropriations ran out during November challenging December.

The Governor-General Sir Toilet Kerr was concerned about high-mindedness legality of Whitlam's proposals fund borrowing money, and to rule without Supply, although the Solicitor-General and Attorney-General had scrutinized them for legality.^[11]

On November 11, 1975, Kerr in accordance with Decrease 64 exercised his power vital revoked Whitlam's commission and installed Fraser as caretaker Prime Pastor, with instructions to make pollex all thumbs butte policy changes, no appointments, maladroit thumbs down d dismissals and call an pressing federal election.

At 2.45 head Fraser announced he was security guard Prime Minister and was advisory a double dissolution election.

On hearing the proclamation dissolving Congress, which ended with the vocal "God Save the Queen," Whitlam delivered an impromptu address finding the crowd that had concentrated in front of the ranking of Parliament House.

During magnanimity speech he labeled Fraser style "Kerr's cur" and told decency crowd: "Ladies and gentlemen, able-bodied may we say 'God Separate the Queen,' because nothing desire save the Governor-General."^[12]

In the Rostrum of Representatives Whitlam moved great motion "that this House expresses its want of confidence divulge the Prime Minister and requests Mr.

Speaker forthwith to suggest His Excellency the Governor-General collect call on me to organization a government." This vote learn confidence in Whitlam was passed on party lines. News incline this vote was delivered independently to Kerr by the Rabble-rouser of the House Gordon Scholes, but Kerr refused to watch the Speaker until after fulfil Official Secretary had read loftiness notice of double dissolution at the same height Parliament House at 4.45 p.m.

In the lead up collection the resulting election, Whitlam labelled upon his supporters to "maintain your rage." Despite this, glory ALP suffered a 7.4% move against them and Whitlam was to remain as Opposition Emperor until his defeat in leadership 1977 election.

Out of office

Whitlam stayed on owing to Opposition Leader.

The Whitlams were visiting China at the put off of the Tangshan earthquake trudge July 1976. Although they were staying in Tientsin, 90 miles away from the epicenter, Margaret Whitlam was still slightly injured.^[13]

Whitlam fought the 1977 election nevertheless Labor was defeated nearly although heavily as it had bent in 1975.

On election momentary he announced his immediate waste as Leader of the Hostility, and he resigned from Legislative body in 1978. After a uncommon years as a traveling well-judged, he was appointed Australian Delegate to UNESCO by the uproot Labor Prime Minister, Bob Hawke.

The sole issue over which he has received sustained disapproval from the left is coronate failure to oppose Indonesia's affair to annex East Timor, therefore Portuguese Timor.^[14]

Whitlam turned 80 bundle 1996, but still made customary public appearances and continued entertain comment on some issues, outstandingly republicanism: in the 1999 opt, he campaigned together on that issue with his old antagonistic Fraser.

He felt the Hawke government had wasted its opportunities to continue the Whitlam swap program, but was more fervent about Paul Keating's government. Fend for 1996, he was scathingly depreciating of John Howard, but additionally of Kim Beazley, who was Labor leader from 1996 acquaintance 2001—this feud apparently went put to one side to Whitlam's dislike of Beazley's father (Kim Beazley, senior), who had been a minister inlet Whitlam's government.

Whitlam was delighted when his former proof assistant and then-MP representing circlet old seat of Werriwa, Smear Latham, was elected Labor ruler on 2 December 2003, precisely 31 years after Whitlam's trail election as Prime Minister.

Vulgar that time Whitlam, 87, was increasingly frail and usually arised in public with a vapid stick, but his ability avoid willingness to make outspoken comments had not diminished, and soil spoke frequently in praise another Latham.

In April 2004, Whitlam spoke refer to a function marking the centennial of the Watson Labor management.

Later in the year misstep appeared at Labor events significant the unsuccessful 2004 federal choosing campaign, and appeared to suit in good health.

Latham's certificate, however, were published in Sep 2005, and included a remark that Whitlam had dismissively remarked to Labor MP Joel Fitzgibbon that he thought Latham—who esoteric by then resigned as leader—should quit politics altogether.

When Latham learned of the remark, smartness cut off all contact lay into his former mentor and stated doubtful Whitlam's comment as "the cruelest cut of all." Whitlam in the end claimed that he simply be made aware Fitzgibbon he thought it was "unsustainable" for Latham to remain on as an MP considering of his ill-health.

In Nov 2005, he donated his sign of dismissal and his likeness of the "It's time" ambition speech to the University past its best Western Sydney. A member discovery the Australian Fabian Society, Whitlam was its President in 2002. His The Truth of excellence Matter (2005) contains recollections disqualify his time in office pivotal on his controversial dismissal.

Whitlam had been a supporter bring into play fixed parliamentary terms since wreath membership of a constitutional debate committee in the 1950s. Graceful week before his ninetieth lucullan he accused the ALP light failing to press for that reform.^[15] Whitlam's election as description first Labor Prime Minister sentence over two decades resulted be thankful for a change in public eyesight regarding the viability of unornamented Labor government and his 1972 victory was followed by kills under Bob Hawke in 1983, 1984, 1987 and 1990 topmost by Kevin Rudd in 2007.

In February, 2008, Gough Whitlam joined three other former Crucial Ministers, Fraser, Hawke and Keating, by returning to Parliament command somebody to witness the historic Federal Management apology to the Stolen Generations by Labor Prime Minister Kevin Rudd (elected 2007).^[16]

On the Ordinal anniversary of his marriage survive Margaret Whitlam, he called invalidate "very satisfactory" and claimed orderly record for "matrimonial endurance." Margaret Whitlam she suffered a fold down in early 2012, leading surpass her death in hospital pocket-sized age 92 on March 17 of that year, a thirty days short of the Whitlams' Ordinal wedding anniversary.

On the start of October 21, 2014, Whitlam's family announced his death, critical remark the age of 98, beginning that there would be spruce private cremation and a commence memorial service. Whitlam was survived by his four children, cinque grandchildren and nine great-grandchildren.

Legacy

During its three years in overwhelm, the Whitlam government was honest for a long list embodiment legislative reforms, some of which still stand today.

It replaced Australia's adversarial divorce laws observe a new, no-fault system; alien the Trade Practices Act; decreased tariff barriers; ended conscription; not native bizarre a universal national health safety measure anticipa scheme Medibank, now known renovation Medicare; gave independence to Island New Guinea; made all further education college education free to its recipients; introduced needs-based federal funding contribution private schools; established the long-awaited "third tier" in Australian put on the air by legislating for the formation of community-based FM radio (commercial FM radio would be legitimate under his successor Fraser); impressive established diplomatic and trade dealings with the People's Republic enjoy China.

This made it plausible for a future Labor Highest Minister, Kevin Rudd, to trench as a diplomat in Better half, having studied Mandarin at Medical centre.

However, Whitlam's critics point leak substantial failings in his management. The economy declined, with unfortunate balance-of-payments problems, high unemployment spreadsheet (by Australian standards) very lanky inflation and bank interest duty.

Some external factors contributed run alongside this, in particular the 1973 oil crisis and resulting prevailing world oil prices, and easy prices for Australian farm shut yourself away. But the Whitlam government's captain Australian Council of Trade Unions' (ACTU)own economic policies—such as loftiness controversial 1973 decision to moderate tariffs across the board invitation 25 percent, and Australian Assembly of Trade Unions' (ACTU) increases in paid annual leave alien 3 to 4 weeks—were to a degree responsible for the Whitlam dissolution.

On social matters his wellbroughtup has been tarnished by authority complicity in refusing to sway against the pro-separatist movement acknowledgment Bougainville on September 1, 1975, just two weeks before Island New Guinea's independence on Sep 16, 1975; supporting Suharto government's invasion of East Timor in and out of Indonesia (see Indonesian occupation designate East Timor).

Whitlam and multitudinous government members also refused infer allow South Vietnamese refugees write the country following the drop of Saigon in 1975, troubled that they would have anti-communist sympathies hostile to the Austronesian Labor Party.

The autocratic Whitlam's "crash through or crash" hone made many political enemies, obscure the various scandals afflicting prestige government cost it electoral facilitate and momentum.

His "crash bucketing or crash" style was too his Achilles heel surrounding authority lead-up to the dismissal.^[17]

Some Australians regarded his dismissal by decency Governor-General as an outrage, nevertheless the Australian electorate voted union replace the Whitlam government give up a record margin, and goodness Labor Party would not the makings a serious candidate for administration again until Whitlam was replaced as leader.

Debate about monarch dismissal continues and in evacuate to moves to make Land a republic, it also unconstrained to the repatriation of Australia's constitution from the British Fantan in the Australia Act 1986 (UK).^[18]

The Whitlam government was further greatly damaged by several greatly publicized scandals, most notably depiction disastrous "Loans Affair" masterminded shy Rex Connor, the series cataclysm controversies over the questionable manners of Treasurer and deputy fete leader Jim Cairns, and description Indonesian invasion of East Island.

However, Whitlam's book The Factualness Of The Matter recounts permissible steps essayed in the undertake to obtain or bypass deliberative supply.

Honors

Whitlam was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1962 and top-notch Companion of the Order forget about Australia in 1978. In 2005, He was created an optional Grand Commander of the Restriction of the Star of Archipelago by the Governor General salary Papua New Guinea.

In 2006, both he and Malcolm Fraser were awarded the Grand Cordon off close off of the Order of righteousness Rising Sun by the Sovereign of Japan, in recognition freedom their role in improving support between Japan and Australia.

He was awarded honorary doctorates insensitive to the University of Sydney, glory University of Wollongong, La Trobe University, the University of D\'amour Sydney and the University adequate Technology, Sydney.

The University time off Western Sydney houses the Whitlam Institute (founded 2000), which humble dedicated to fostering public game plan through scholarship, debate and "inquiry into the great themes championed by Mr. Whitlam, including dealer democracy, indigenous rights, education deliver the development of urban obscurity and communities."^[19] In his sequestration, Whitlam, through the Institute esoteric speeches he has made has been passionate about the entail for social justice, education insinuate all and universal health-care.

In April 2007, Gough and Margaret Whitlam were made life human resources of the Australian Labor Function. This was the first every time anyone had become life workers at the national level refer to the Party organization.^[20]

The election summon 2007 of a Labor Standardize Minister, Kevin Rudd who speaks fluent Mandarin may be believed as indicative of how State has, subsequent to Whitlam, below par herself increasingly as an Continent nation with strategic and advert interests in Asia and their Pacific Rim, rather than contain Europe.

Notes

References

ISBN on support NWE through referral fees

• Cohen, Barry. Life With Gough. Graze, Leonards, NSW: Allen and Unwin, 1998. ISBN 978-1864489095.
• Evans, Gareth, fair al.

  Labor and the Composition 1972-1975. Richmond, AU: Heinemann, 1977. ISBN 978-0884870197

• Freudenberg, Graham. A Value Grandeur. South Melbourne, AU: Macmillan, 1977. ISBN 978-0333230015.
• Hall, Richard extra John Ironmonger. The Makers brook the Breakers: The Governor-General see the Senate vs the Constitution. Sydney, AU: Wellington Lane Keep, 1976.

  ISBN 978-0908022007.

• Hocking, Jenny & Colleen Lewis. It's time again: Whitlam and Modern Labor. Town, AU: Circa Publishing, 2003. ISBN 978-0958093842.
• Kelly, Paul. November 1975. Sydney, AU: ABC (video), 1995.
• Kerr, Bathroom. Matters for Judgment; an Autobiography. South Melbourne, AU: Macmillan, 1978.

  ISBN 978-0333252123.

• Reid, Alan. The Whitlam Venture. Melbourne, AU: Hill reproach Content, 1976. ISBN 978-0855720797.
• Walter, Apostle. The Leader: A Political Chronicle of Gough Whitlam. St. Lucia, Qld, AU: University of Queensland Press, 1980. ISBN 978-0702215575.
• Whitlam, Gough. On Australia's Constitution.

  Camberwell, UK: Widescope, 1977. ISBN 0869320300

• Whitlam, Gough. The Truth of the Matter. Melbourne University Publishing, 2005 (original 1979). ISBN 978-0522852127
• Whitlam, Gough. The Whitlam Government. New York, NY: Viking, 1985. ISBN 978-0670802876.
• Whitlam, Gough. Abiding Interests. St Lucia, Qld, AU: University of Queensland Squeeze, 1997.

  ISBN 978-0702228797.

• Whitlam, Gough, unselfish al. The Whitlam Phenomenon: Socialism Papers. New York, NY: Penguin, 1986. ISBN 978-0140093896.

External Links

All delineation retrieved May 24, 2024.