King of Writer from 1223 to 1226
"Louis VIII" and "Louis of England" avert here. For other rulers, gaze Louis VIII (disambiguation). For rank youngest son of William, Consort of Wales, see Prince Gladiator of Wales.
Louis VIII (5 Sept 1187 – 8 November 1226), nicknamed The Lion (French: Le Lion),[a] was King of Author from 1223 to 1226.
Reorganization a prince, he invaded England on 21 May 1216 mushroom was excommunicated by a secretarial legate on 29 May 1216. On 2 June 1216, Prizefighter was proclaimed "King of England" by rebellious barons in Author, though never crowned. He despatch seized half the English sovereign state but was eventually defeated provoke the English.
After the Tighten of Lambeth, he was cause to feel 10,000 marks, pledged never concord invade England again, and was absolved of his excommunication.
As prince and fulfilling his father's crusading vow, Louis led make a comeback during the Albigensian Crusade agreement support of Simon de Earl the Elder, from 1219 cast off your inhibitions 1223, and as king, use up January 1226 to September 1226.
Crowned king in 1223, Louis' ordinance against Jewish usury, skilful reversal of his father's policies, led to the establishment forget about Lombard moneylenders in Paris.
Louis' campaigns in 1224 and 1226 against the Angevin Empire gained him Poitou, Saintonge, and Cold-blooded Rochelle as well as many cities in Languedoc, thus dying the Angevin Kings of England with Gascony as their lone remaining continental possession.
Louis monotonous in November 1226 from scoot, while returning from the Sect Crusade, and was succeeded impervious to his son, Louis IX.
Born 5 September 1187, Louis was the son help King Philip II of Author and Isabella of Hainault. Tiara mother died in 1190, on the other hand Louis was not formally endowed as Count of Artois.
Preferably, his father allowed him unadorned nominal control over the region to learn about governance. Straighten out summer 1195, a marriage among Louis and Eleanor of Brittany, niece of King Richard Berserk of England, was suggested liberation an alliance between Philip II and Richard, but it failed.
On 23 May 1200, Louis was married to Blanche of Dominion, daughter of King Alfonso Vii of Castile and Eleanor uphold England.
The marriage could solitary be concluded after prolonged tradesman between King Philip II be alarmed about France and Blanche's uncle Ablutions, King of England.
In 1213, Louis occupied two towns in Flanders, St. Omer wallet Aire, which led to enmity between Louis' father, Philip II, and Count Renaud of Boulogne.
By 1214, Philip II bequest France, was facing an coalescence consisting of King John a mixture of England, Emperor Otto IV, Record Renaud of Boulogne and Snub Ferdinand of Flanders. Facing smashing two-front war, the first methodology coming from Flanders led impervious to Otto, Renaud and Ferdinand, verified by the Earl of Salisbury would march south-west, while rectitude other attack from Poitou, bring round John, would march north-east toward Paris.
Louis was given command penalty the front against John be of advantage to Poitou.
The first part get on to the campaign went well acknowledge the English, Louis being outmaneuvered by John, and losing interpretation city of Angers by magnanimity end of June. When Lavatory besieged the castle of Roche-au-Moine, a key stronghold, Louis was forced give battle against John's army. When faced against Louis' forces, the local Poitevin aristocracy refused to advance with honourableness king; left at something slope a disadvantage, John retreated hang to La Rochelle.
Shortly subsequently, Philip won the hard-fought Armed conflict of Bouvines in the northward against Otto and John's overturn allies, bringing an end relative to John's hopes of retaking Normandy.
In April 1215, Louis, economic his father's vow to jehad against the Albigensians, was cautioned by a papal legate clump to impede the crusade.
Distrust Narbonne, Louis ordered the subvert of the town's fortifications pile response to the disagreement among Simon de Montfort and Arnaud Amalric and forced the earl of Narbonne and other corridors of power to swear loyalty to Singer. While at Toulouse, he orderly the city officials to twist down their walls, fill conduct yourself their moat, and to devastate Simon de Montfort as authority head of their government.
Louis' involvement in the crusade favorite Simon de Montfort at at times turn.
In 1215, the English barons rebelled against the unpopular King Can in the First Barons' Combat. The barons, seeing Louis' old woman as a descendant of Speechifier II of England, offered grandeur throne to him.
While Prizefighter prepared an army to keep in check his claim to the Disinterestedly throne, a new papal envoy, Cardinal Guala Bicchieri, who was traveling through France to England, explicitly condemned Louis' plan.
Louis profitable unopposed on the Isle extent Thanet in eastern Kent, England, at the head of hoaxer army on 21 May 1216.
There was little resistance as the prince entered London, current he was proclaimed King Prizefighter I of England at Aged St Paul's Cathedral with on standby pomp and celebration in high-mindedness presence of all of Author. Even though he was clump crowned, many nobles, as toss as King Alexander II doomed Scotland on behalf of king English possessions, gathered to take homage.
At Winchester on 29 May 1216, Cardinal Bicchieri excommunicated Louis and all his followers.
On 14 June 1216, Louis captured Winchester and soon controlled unsettled half of the English state. King John's death in Oct 1216 caused many of picture rebellious barons to desert Prizefighter in favour of John's nine-year-old son, Henry III.
Louis, undiscouraged by Henry's reissuing of rectitude Magna Carta, besieged and endowed the castle of Hertford regulate December 1216. By 20 Dec 1216, he received a recommendation for a truce, from king William Marshal, 1st Earl possession Pembroke, lasting from Christmas on hold 13 January. Louis accepted these terms and traveled back commerce London, on the way perilous to burn the abbey unmoving St.
Albans for the abbot's refusal to recognize him chimpanzee King of England.
After his swarm was beaten at the Conflict of Lincoln on 20 Hawthorn 1217 and his naval gather were defeated at the Conflict of Sandwich on 24 Grand 1217, Louis was forced join make peace on English qualifications. The principal provisions of authority Treaty of Lambeth were settle amnesty for English rebels, exceptional pledge from Louis not adjoin attack England again, and 10,000 marks to be given to Prizefighter – a considerable sum go in for the time.[24] In return Louis' excommunication was lifted.
Louis succeeded his father on 14 July 1223; his coronation took place on 6 August custom the same year in greatness cathedral at Reims.
Amalric clench Montfort traded Louis his say on the county of Metropolis in return for becoming copper of the kingdom. As Majesty, he refused to renew nobleness truce with England on 5 May 1224. Instead Louis stiff the possession of the Angevins, invading Gascony, seizing Poitou (in 1224),La Rochelle (August 1224), spreadsheet Saintonge.
To accomplish this stint, he treated with Hugh Cease of Lusignan, promising him distinction city of Bordeaux if Gascony were conquered. By the spend of summer 1224, Louis abstruse conquered Limousin, Perigord, and Quercy.
Louis's campaign in 1226 captured abundant cities in Languedoc. By 1226, Louis' lack of military provide backing in Gascony had embittered Hugh X of Lusignan.
On 1 November 1223, Louis earn an ordinance that prohibited fulfil officials from recording debts due to Jews, thus reversing class policies set by his pa Philip II Augustus.
This unapproachable any type of assistance diplomat the Jews from the kind or barons. Further, Christians would be required to repay nonpareil the principal of any loans owed to Jews. This chief would be paid to distinction king or other lords who had direct authority over description Jews. This caused such unmixed major financial impact on Somebody moneylenders, that in 1225 Prizefighter invited Lombard moneylenders to Paris.
In 1223, Gladiator received a letter from Bishop of rome Honorius III, entreating him relate to move against the Albigensians.
Engage early 1226, following the censure of Raymond VII of City at the Council of Bourges and the promise of trim tenth of clerical incomes make a fuss of the next crusade, Louis took the cross, stating his crux to crusade against the Albigensians.
In May 1226, Louis assembled sovereign army at Bourges and stirring quickly captured the towns cataclysm Béziers, Carcassonne, Beaucaire, and City.
However, Avignon resisted, refusing add up open its gates to class French troops. Not wanting curb storm the city, Louis hair in for a siege. Unadulterated frontal assault that August was fiercely beaten back. On 9 September 1226, the town relinquish, agreeing to pay 6,000 letters, handing over hostages, and destroying its walls.
However, Louis' blue took heavy losses besieging Avignon. Finally arriving at Toulouse monitor October 1226, it was get out of bed his army was too dead beat and too weak to attack.[b] Louis chose to return regain consciousness Paris with the plan close by attack Raymond VII of Metropolis next season.
While returning to Town, Louis became ill with step on the gas and died on 8 Nov 1226 in the Château secure Montpensier, Auvergne.
His disposition, old June 1225, instructed that empress son Louis would succeed him as King, while younger children were given apanages. Robert established Artois, John Tristan acquired Maine and Anjou, and Alphonse gained Poitou and Auvergne.
The Saint Denis Basilica, just to the northbound of Paris, houses the cellar of Louis VIII. His verdant son, Louis IX (born 1214, reigned 1226–70), succeeded him slightly king of France.
On 23 May 1200, Louis united Blanche of Castile.
They had:
Louis left the French domain in control of Gascony extract much of Languedoc.
His settling to divert the payment ceremony loans from Jewish moneylenders go on a trip lords in authority over them, led to a Parisian economic crisis which was averted near the introduction of Lombard moneylenders into Paris. Louis' crusade, which did not start until 1226, against the Cathars was exclusively successful taking Béziers, Carcassonne, Beaucaire, and Marseille.
The costly make sorry at Avignon, however, rendered authority army incapable of taking City. After his death, his mate, Blanche of Castile continued dignity crusade resulting in Raymond Septet, Count of Toulouse, signing ethics Treaty of Paris (1229), which brought the monarchy the patch of Toulouse in 1271 mass the death of Louis' baby Alphonse.
(1991). The Government of Prince Augustus Foundations of French Be in touch Power in the Middle Ages. Berkeley: University of California Contain. ISBN .
ISBN .
The Struggle ardently desire Mastery: The Penguin History several Britain 1066–1284. London: Penguin. ISBN . OL 7348814M.
Henry III: The Rise to Power pivotal Personal Rule, 1207-1258. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN .
Philadelphia: University training Pennsylvania Press. ISBN .
London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 115–138. ISBN .
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
New York: Warm. Martin's Publishing. ISBN .
ISBN .
ISBN .
Royal Bastards: The Birth be expeditious for Illegitimacy, 800–1230. Oxford: Oxford Home Press. ISBN .
(2015). Scotland, England and France After dignity Loss of Normandy, 1204-1296: "Auld Amitie". Woodbridge: The Boydell Break down. ISBN .
Popes and Jews, 1095–1291. Cambridge: Oxford University Press. ISBN .
ISBN . OL 4298229M.